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Earthnotes Cooking 101

Metric Conv Chart Liquids Dry Weights & Measures

More Metrics Kitchen Equivalents Ingredients & Substitutes

Pans & Holding Volumes Candy Tests Grains

Have you ever been stymied by a recipe written in metrics? Or been in the middle of a recipe and your mind goes on vacation just when you need it to do a little math of how many cups, tsps, tbsps or whatever equals something else? Or maybe you didn't have "just" the right sized pan and needed to know if something else would fit the requirements. Obviously I've been there one too many times because I made up these tables to tape inside the doors of my kitchen cabinets where I could get to them in a hurry. These are weights and measurements of volume and liquids you might encounter in the kitchen. For charts pertaining to apothecary measures and weights that might be found in herbalism or on the medicine bottle, those can be found on the Herbalism page.

Metric Conversion Chart

To change to Multiply by

grains grams .0648

grams grains 15.4324

grams ounces (avdp) .0353

grams pounds .002205

liters pints (dry) 1.8162

liters pints (liq) 2.1134

liters quarts (dry) .9081

liters quarts (liq) 1.0567

More Metrics

1 ml = 1/5 tsp

5 ml = 1 tsp

15 ml = 1 tbsp

34 ml = 1 fl oz

100 ml = 3.4 fl oz

240 ml = 1 cup

1 liter = 34 fl oz = 4.2 cups = 2.1 pints = 1.06 quarts = 0.26 gallon

1 gram = .035 oz

100 grams = 3.5 oz

500 grams = 1.10 lbs

1 kg = 2.205 lbs = 35 oz

1 cubic centimeter = 0.061 cubic inch

1 cubic foot = 7.481 gallons = 28.316 cubic decimeters

1 cubic inch = 0.554 fl oz = 4.433 fluid drams = 16.387 cubic centimeters

Liquids

TIP: A paperclip weights approximately 1 gram.

ap = apothecary measure

1 drop = 1 minim (ap) = 1/60th fluid dram

1 dram (liq - US) = 1/8 fl oz = 0.226 cubic inch = 3.697 ml = 1 tsp

60 drops (minims) = 1 fluid dram (ap) = 1 tsp

1 measuring tsp = 1/3 tbsp = 1-1/3 fl drams = 5 ml

1 measuring tbsp = 3 tsp = 4 fl drams = 1/2 fl oz = 15 ml

2 tbsp = 1 liq ounce

4 tbsp = 1/4 cup

5 tbsp = 1/3 cup

1-1/2 oz = 1 jigger

1/2 jigger = 1 pony

8 tsp (fl. drams) = 1 fluid ounce (ap)

8 fl oz = 1 cup = 1/2 pint

2 cups = 1 pint

16 fl oz (ap) = 1 pint (ap) = 128 fl drams (ap)

2 pints = 1 quart = 32 fl oz = 256 fl drams = 4 cups

4 quarts = 1 gal = 128 fl oz = 1,024 fl drams

1 milliliter = 0.271 fl dram = 16.231 minims = 1/5 tsp

1 liq oz = 29.574 ml

1 gill = 4 fl oz = 0.118 liter

4 gills (liq) = 1 pint

2 pints = 1 quart

4 quarts = 1 gallon = 8 pints = 32 gills

1 liter = 1.057 liq quarts = 61.024 cubic inches

1 gallon (US) = 231 cubic inches = 3.785 liters = 128 fl oz (US)

*1 barrel liquid = 31 to 42 gallons

*Law allows for a variety of sizes: petroleum products are usually found in the larger sized barrels, while fermented/alcoholic beverages are to be found in the smaller sized barrels although federal law recognizes a 40 gallon barrel for proof spirits)

Dry Weights & Measures

avdp = avoirdupois (common measurement in US)

1 ml = 0.015 grain

1 grain = 64.79891 ml

1 gram = 15.432 grains = 0.035 oz (avdp)

27.344 grains (advp) = 1 dram (avdp) = 1.772 grams

16 drams (advp) = 1 oz (advp) = 437.5 grains (advp)

16 oz (advp) = 1 lb (advp) = 256 drams (advp) = 7,000 grains (advp)

1 kilogram = 2.205 lb

2 pints = 1 quart = 67.2006 cubic inches

8 quarts = 1 peck = 16 pints = 537.605 cubic inches

4 pecks = 1 bushel = 32 quarts = 2,150.42 cubic inches

1 bushel (US struck measure) = 2,150.42 cubic inches = 35.238 liters

1 bushel (heaped) = 2,747.715 cubic inches = 1.278 bushels (struck measure)
(note: this is frequently recognized as 1-1/4 bushel, struck measure)

1 barrel (standard for fruits, vegetables and other dry good except cranberries) = 105 dry quarts = 3.281 bu (struck measure) = 7,056 cubic inches

1 barrel (stand. cranberry) = 5,286 cubic inches = 86-45/64 dry quarts = 2.709 bu (struck measure)

1 cord fire wood = 128 cubic feet (a 4 ft x 4 ft x 8 ft stack of wood)

Pans & Holding Volumes

4 cups = 9" pie plate
8 x 1-1/4" layer cake pan
7-3/8 x 3-5/8 x 2-1/4" loaf pan

4-1/4 cups = 8 x 2-1/4" ring mold

6 cups = 8(or 9) x 11-1/2" layer cake pan
10" pie plate
8-1/2 x 35 or 8 x 25" baking pan
8" loaf pan
7-1/2 x 3" bundt tube
7 x 5-1/2 x 4" melon mold

7-1/2 cups = 6 x 4-1/4" charlotte mold

8 cups = 8 x 8 x 2" square pan
11 x 7 x 1-1/2" baking pan
9 x 5 x 3" loaf pan
9-1/4 x 2-3/4" ring mold
9-1/2 x 3-1/4" brioche pan

9 cups = 9 x 3-1/2" fancy tube or bundt pan

10 cups = 9 x 9 x 2" square pan
11-3/4 x 7-1/2 x 1-3/4" baking pan
15 x 10 x 1" jelly roll pan

12 cups = 13-1/2 x 8-1/2 x 2" glass baking pan
9 x 3-1/2" angel cake pan
10 x 3-3/4" bundt or crownburst pan
9 x 3-1/2" fancy tube
8 x 8" spring form pan

15 cups = 13 x 9 x 2" metal baking pan

16 cups = 10 x 4" fancy tube mold (kugelhupf)
9 x 3" spring form pan

18 cups = 10 x 4" angel cake pan

19 cups = 14 x 10-1/2 x 2-1/2" roasting pan

Candy Tests
I must admit to always using a candy thermometer, but when reading a recipe the temperature isn't always given, so I find the chart useful as a reference.

Consistency Temperature (F) Test Uses

Soft ball 234�to 240� Syrup forms a soft ball when dropped into cold water; ball flattens when removed Fudge, Penoche

Firm ball 244�to 248� Syrup forms a ball when dopped into cold water; ball does not flaten when removed Caramels

Hard ball 250�to 266� Syrup forms a ball when dropped into cold water; hard enough to hold its shape, yet still plastic Popcorn balls, Divinity

Soft Crack 270�to 290� Syrup separates into threads when dropped into cold water; threads are hard but not brittle Butterscotch, taffy

Hard crack 300�to 310� Syrup separates into threads which are hard and brittle when dropped into cold water Peanut Brittle

Caramel 338� Barley sugar becomes brown Flavor and color

Grains

Grain - 1 C. dry Water Cooking Time Yield

Barley (whole) 3 cups 1-1/4 hours 3-1/2 cups

Black Beans 4 cups 1-1/2 hours 2 cups

Black-eyed Peas 3 cups 1 hour 2 cups

Buckwheat (kasha) 2 cups 15 min 2-1/2 cups

Cornmeal, coarse (polenta) 4 cups 25 min 3 cups

Garbanzos (chickpeas) 4 cups 3 hours 2 cups

Great Northern Beans 3-1/2 cups 2 hours 2 cups

Kidney Beans 3 cups 1-1/2 hours 2 cups

Lentils 3 cups 1 hour 2-1/4 cups

Limas 2 cups 1-1/2 hours 1-1-4 cups

Limas, baby 2 cups 1-1/2 hours 1-3/4 cups

Millet 3 cups 45 min 3-1/2 cups

Peas, split 3 cups 1 hour 2-1/4 cups

Pinto Beans 3 cups 2-1/2 hours 2 cups

Red beans 3 cups 3 hours 2 cups

Rice, brown 2 cups 1 hour 3 cups

Rice, wild 3 cups 1 hr or more 4 cups

Small white beans (navy, etc) 2 cups 1-1/2 hours 2 cups

Soybeans 3 cups 3 hrs or more 2 cups

Soy grits 4 cups 15 min 2 cups

Wheat berries, whole 3 cups 2 hours 2-2/3 cups

Wheat, bulgur 2 cups 15 to 20 min 2-1/2 cups

Wheat, cracked 2 cups 25 min 2-1/3 cups

©1998 by Ernestina Parziale

Metric Conv Chart	Liquids	Dry Weights & Measures
More Metrics	Kitchen Equivalents	Ingredients & Substitutes
Pans & Holding Volumes	Candy Tests	Grains

To change	to	Multiply by
grains	grams	.0648
grams	grains	15.4324
grams	ounces (avdp)	.0353
grams	pounds	.002205
liters	pints (dry)	1.8162
liters	pints (liq)	2.1134
liters	quarts (dry)	.9081
liters	quarts (liq)	1.0567

1 ml	=	1/5 tsp
5 ml	=	1 tsp
15 ml	=	1 tbsp
34 ml	=	1 fl oz
100 ml	=	3.4 fl oz
240 ml	=	1 cup
1 liter	=	34 fl oz	=	4.2 cups	=	2.1 pints	=	1.06 quarts	=	0.26 gallon
1 gram	=	.035 oz
100 grams	=	3.5 oz
500 grams	=	1.10 lbs
1 kg	=	2.205 lbs	=	35 oz
1 cubic centimeter	=	0.061 cubic inch
1 cubic foot	=	7.481 gallons	=	28.316 cubic decimeters
1 cubic inch	=	0.554 fl oz	=	4.433 fluid drams	=	16.387 cubic centimeters

ap = apothecary measure
1 drop	=	1 minim (ap)	=	1/60th fluid dram
1 dram (liq - US)	=	1/8 fl oz	=	0.226 cubic inch	=	3.697 ml	=	1 tsp
60 drops (minims)	=	1 fluid dram (ap)	=	1 tsp
1 measuring tsp	=	1/3 tbsp	=	1-1/3 fl drams	=	5 ml
1 measuring tbsp	=	3 tsp	=	4 fl drams	=	1/2 fl oz	=	15 ml
2 tbsp	=	1 liq ounce
4 tbsp	=	1/4 cup
5 tbsp	=	1/3 cup
1-1/2 oz	=	1 jigger
1/2 jigger	=	1 pony
8 tsp (fl. drams)	=	1 fluid ounce (ap)
8 fl oz	=	1 cup	=	1/2 pint
2 cups	=	1 pint
16 fl oz (ap)	=	1 pint (ap)	=	128 fl drams (ap)
2 pints	=	1 quart	=	32 fl oz	=	256 fl drams	=	4 cups
4 quarts	=	1 gal	=	128 fl oz	=	1,024 fl drams
1 milliliter	=	0.271 fl dram	=	16.231 minims	=	1/5 tsp
1 liq oz	=	29.574 ml
1 gill	=	4 fl oz	=	0.118 liter
4 gills (liq)	=	1 pint
2 pints	=	1 quart
4 quarts	=	1 gallon	=	8 pints	=	32 gills
1 liter	=	1.057 liq quarts	=	61.024 cubic inches
1 gallon (US)	=	231 cubic inches	=	3.785 liters	=	128 fl oz (US)
*1 barrel liquid	=	31 to 42 gallons
*Law allows for a variety of sizes: petroleum products are usually found in the larger sized barrels, while fermented/alcoholic beverages are to be found in the smaller sized barrels although federal law recognizes a 40 gallon barrel for proof spirits)

avdp = avoirdupois (common measurement in US)
1 ml	=	0.015 grain
1 grain	=	64.79891 ml
1 gram	=	15.432 grains	=	0.035 oz (avdp)
27.344 grains (advp)	=	1 dram (avdp)	=	1.772 grams
16 drams (advp)	=	1 oz (advp)	=	437.5 grains (advp)
16 oz (advp)	=	1 lb (advp)	=	256 drams (advp)	=	7,000 grains (advp)
1 kilogram	=	2.205 lb
2 pints	=	1 quart	=	67.2006 cubic inches
8 quarts	=	1 peck	=	16 pints	=	537.605 cubic inches
4 pecks	=	1 bushel	=	32 quarts	=	2,150.42 cubic inches
1 bushel (US struck measure)	=	2,150.42 cubic inches	=	35.238 liters
1 bushel (heaped)	=	2,747.715 cubic inches	=	1.278 bushels (struck measure) (note: this is frequently recognized as 1-1/4 bushel, struck measure)
1 barrel (standard for fruits, vegetables and other dry good except cranberries)	=	105 dry quarts	=	3.281 bu (struck measure)	=	7,056 cubic inches
1 barrel (stand. cranberry)	=	5,286 cubic inches	=	86-45/64 dry quarts	=	2.709 bu (struck measure)
1 cord fire wood	=	128 cubic feet (a 4 ft x 4 ft x 8 ft stack of wood)

4 cups	=	9" pie plate 8 x 1-1/4" layer cake pan 7-3/8 x 3-5/8 x 2-1/4" loaf pan
4-1/4 cups	=	8 x 2-1/4" ring mold
6 cups	=	8(or 9) x 11-1/2" layer cake pan 10" pie plate 8-1/2 x 35 or 8 x 25" baking pan 8" loaf pan 7-1/2 x 3" bundt tube 7 x 5-1/2 x 4" melon mold
7-1/2 cups	=	6 x 4-1/4" charlotte mold
8 cups	=	8 x 8 x 2" square pan 11 x 7 x 1-1/2" baking pan 9 x 5 x 3" loaf pan 9-1/4 x 2-3/4" ring mold 9-1/2 x 3-1/4" brioche pan
9 cups	=	9 x 3-1/2" fancy tube or bundt pan
10 cups	=	9 x 9 x 2" square pan 11-3/4 x 7-1/2 x 1-3/4" baking pan 15 x 10 x 1" jelly roll pan
12 cups	=	13-1/2 x 8-1/2 x 2" glass baking pan 9 x 3-1/2" angel cake pan 10 x 3-3/4" bundt or crownburst pan 9 x 3-1/2" fancy tube 8 x 8" spring form pan
15 cups	=	13 x 9 x 2" metal baking pan
16 cups	=	10 x 4" fancy tube mold (kugelhupf) 9 x 3" spring form pan
18 cups	=	10 x 4" angel cake pan
19 cups	=	14 x 10-1/2 x 2-1/2" roasting pan

Consistency	Temperature (F)	Test	Uses
Soft ball	234�to 240�	Syrup forms a soft ball when dropped into cold water; ball flattens when removed	Fudge, Penoche
Firm ball	244�to 248�	Syrup forms a ball when dopped into cold water; ball does not flaten when removed	Caramels
Hard ball	250�to 266�	Syrup forms a ball when dropped into cold water; hard enough to hold its shape, yet still plastic	Popcorn balls, Divinity
Soft Crack	270�to 290�	Syrup separates into threads when dropped into cold water; threads are hard but not brittle	Butterscotch, taffy
Hard crack	300�to 310�	Syrup separates into threads which are hard and brittle when dropped into cold water	Peanut Brittle
Caramel	338�	Barley sugar becomes brown	Flavor and color

Grain - 1 C. dry	Water	Cooking Time	Yield
Barley (whole)	3 cups	1-1/4 hours	3-1/2 cups
Black Beans	4 cups	1-1/2 hours	2 cups
Black-eyed Peas	3 cups	1 hour	2 cups
Buckwheat (kasha)	2 cups	15 min	2-1/2 cups
Cornmeal, coarse (polenta)	4 cups	25 min	3 cups
Garbanzos (chickpeas)	4 cups	3 hours	2 cups
Great Northern Beans	3-1/2 cups	2 hours	2 cups
Kidney Beans	3 cups	1-1/2 hours	2 cups
Lentils	3 cups	1 hour	2-1/4 cups
Limas	2 cups	1-1/2 hours	1-1-4 cups
Limas, baby	2 cups	1-1/2 hours	1-3/4 cups
Millet	3 cups	45 min	3-1/2 cups
Peas, split	3 cups	1 hour	2-1/4 cups
Pinto Beans	3 cups	2-1/2 hours	2 cups
Red beans	3 cups	3 hours	2 cups
Rice, brown	2 cups	1 hour	3 cups
Rice, wild	3 cups	1 hr or more	4 cups
Small white beans (navy, etc)	2 cups	1-1/2 hours	2 cups
Soybeans	3 cups	3 hrs or more	2 cups
Soy grits	4 cups	15 min	2 cups
Wheat berries, whole	3 cups	2 hours	2-2/3 cups
Wheat, bulgur	2 cups	15 to 20 min	2-1/2 cups
Wheat, cracked	2 cups	25 min	2-1/3 cups